詳細介紹
⒈汽缸是鑄造而成的,汽缸出廠后都要經(jīng)過時效處理,使汽缸在住鑄造過程中所產(chǎn)生的內(nèi)應力*消除。如果時效時間短,那么加工好的汽缸在以后的運行中還會變形。
⒉汽缸在運行時受力的情況很復雜,除了受汽缸內(nèi)外氣體的壓力差和裝在其中的各零部件的重量等靜載荷外,還要承受蒸汽流出靜葉時對靜止部分的反作用力,以及各種連接管道冷熱狀態(tài)下對汽缸的作用力,在這些力的相互作用下,汽缸易發(fā)生塑性變形造成泄漏。
⒊汽缸的負荷增減過快,特別是快速的啟動、停機和工況變化時溫度變化大、暖缸的方式不正確、停機檢修時打開保溫層過早等,在汽缸中和法蘭上產(chǎn)生很大的熱應力和熱變形。
⒋汽缸在機械加工的過程中或經(jīng)過補焊后產(chǎn)生了應力,但沒有對汽缸進行回火處理加以消除,致使汽缸存在較大的殘余應力,在運行中產(chǎn)生*的變形。
⒌在安裝或檢修的過程中,由于檢修工藝和檢修技術(shù)的原因,使內(nèi)缸、汽缸隔板、隔板套及汽封套的膨脹間隙不合適,或是掛耳壓板的膨脹間隙不合適,運行后產(chǎn)生巨大的膨脹力使汽缸變形
⒍使用的汽缸密封劑質(zhì)量不好、雜質(zhì)過多或是型號不對;汽缸密封劑內(nèi)若有堅硬的雜質(zhì)顆粒就會使密封面難以緊密的結(jié)合。
⒎汽缸螺栓的緊力不足或是螺栓的材質(zhì)不合格。汽缸結(jié)合面的嚴密性主要靠螺栓的緊力來實現(xiàn)的。機組的起?;蚴窃鰷p負荷時產(chǎn)生的熱應力和高溫會造成螺栓的應力松弛,如果應力不足,螺栓的預緊力就會逐漸減小。如果汽缸的螺栓材質(zhì)不好,螺栓在長時間的運行當中,在熱應力和汽缸膨脹力的作用下被拉長,發(fā)生塑性變形或斷裂,緊力就會不足,使汽缸發(fā)生泄漏的現(xiàn)象。
⒏汽缸螺栓緊固的順序不正確。一般的汽缸螺栓在緊固時是從中間向兩邊同時緊固,也就是從垂弧zui大處或是受力變形zui大的地方緊固,這樣就會把變形zui大的處的間隙向汽缸前后的自由端轉(zhuǎn)移,zui后間隙漸漸消失。如果是從兩邊向中間緊,間隙就會集中于中部,汽缸結(jié)合面形成弓型間隙,引起蒸汽泄漏。
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