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SIGMA現(xiàn)貨,SIGMA代理

細(xì)胞因子的作用特點(diǎn)

時(shí)間:2011/10/13閱讀:848
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乾思 生物編輯整理:
細(xì)胞因子是一類能在細(xì)胞間傳遞信息、具有免疫調(diào)節(jié)和效應(yīng)功能的蛋白質(zhì)或小分子多肽。眾多的細(xì)胞因子有以下共同的作用特點(diǎn)。
細(xì)胞因子的作用特點(diǎn)(1)絕大多數(shù)細(xì)胞因子為分子量小于25kDa的糖蛋白,分子量低者如IL-8僅8kDa。多數(shù)細(xì)胞因子以單體形式存在,少數(shù)細(xì)胞因子如IL-5、IL-12、M-CSF和TGF-β等以雙體形式發(fā)揮生物學(xué)作用。大多數(shù)編碼細(xì)胞因子的基因?yàn)閱慰截惢颍↖FN-α除外),并由4~5個(gè)外顯子和3~4個(gè)內(nèi)含子組成。
細(xì)胞因子的作用特點(diǎn)(2)主要與調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)體的免疫應(yīng)答、造血功能和炎癥反應(yīng)有關(guān)。
細(xì)胞因子的作用特點(diǎn)(3)通常以旁分泌(paracrine)或自分泌(autocrine)形式作用于附近細(xì)胞或細(xì)胞因子產(chǎn)生細(xì)胞本身。在生理狀態(tài)下,絕大多數(shù)細(xì)胞因子只有產(chǎn)生的局部起作用。
(4)能作用,一般在pM(10-12M)水平即有明顯的生物學(xué)作用。
(5)存在于細(xì)胞表面的相應(yīng)高親和性受體數(shù)量不多,在10~10000/每個(gè)細(xì)胞。近年來(lái),細(xì)胞因子受體的研究進(jìn)展相當(dāng)迅速,根據(jù)細(xì)胞因子受體基因DNA序列以及受體胞膜外區(qū)氨基酸序列、同源性和結(jié)構(gòu),可分為四個(gè)類型:免疫球蛋白超家族、造血因子受體超家族、神經(jīng)生長(zhǎng)因子受體超家族和趨化因子受體。
(6)多種細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生,一種IL可由許多種不同的細(xì)胞在不同條件下產(chǎn)生,如IL-1除單核細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞或巨噬細(xì)胞系產(chǎn)生外,B細(xì)胞、NK細(xì)胞、成纖維細(xì)胞、內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、表皮細(xì)胞等在某些條件下均可合成和分泌IL-1。
(7)多重的調(diào)節(jié)作用(multiple regulatory action)'細(xì)胞因子不同的調(diào)節(jié)作用與其本身濃度、作用靶細(xì)胞的類型以及同時(shí)存在的其它細(xì)胞因子種類有關(guān)。有時(shí)動(dòng)物種屬不一,相同的細(xì)胞因子的生物學(xué)作用可有較大的差異,如人IL-5主要作用于嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞,而鼠IL-5還可作用于B細(xì)胞。
(8)重疊的免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用(overlapping regulatory action)'如 IL-2、IL-4、IL-9和IL-12都能維持和促進(jìn)T淋巴細(xì)胞的增殖。
(9)以網(wǎng)絡(luò)形式發(fā)揮作用,細(xì)胞因子的網(wǎng)絡(luò)作用主要是通過(guò)以下三種方式:1.一種細(xì)胞因子誘導(dǎo)或抑制另一種細(xì)胞因子的產(chǎn)生,如IL-1和TGF-β分別促進(jìn)或抑制T細(xì)胞IL-2的產(chǎn)生;2.調(diào)節(jié)同一種細(xì)胞因子受體的表達(dá),如高劑量IL-2可誘導(dǎo)NK細(xì)胞表達(dá)高親和力IL-2受體;3.誘導(dǎo)或抑制其它細(xì)胞因子受體的表達(dá),如TGF-β可降低T細(xì)胞IL-2受體的數(shù)量,而IL-6和IFN-γ可促進(jìn)T細(xì)胞IL-2受體的表達(dá)。
(10)與激素、神經(jīng)肽、神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)共同組成了細(xì)胞間信號(hào)分子系統(tǒng)。
研究表明,體內(nèi)的各種細(xì)胞因子之間并不是孤立存在的,而是有著復(fù)雜的相互作用,它們之間通過(guò)合成和分泌的相互調(diào)節(jié),受體表達(dá)的相互調(diào)節(jié)、生物學(xué)效應(yīng)的相互影響等組成一個(gè)復(fù)雜的細(xì)胞因子互作網(wǎng)絡(luò)。

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