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微波水分測(cè)定儀的原理、測(cè)試方式及對(duì)人體的危害防護(hù)

時(shí)間:2011/10/19閱讀:1009
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 人們發(fā)現(xiàn)落雨氣候?qū)走_(dá)波有吸收作用,后來有人利用這種原理測(cè)量物質(zhì)的水分,制成微波式水分儀。它采用的微波頻率為2.45千兆赫(S波段)、8.9—10.68千兆赫(X波段)、及20.3—22.3千兆赫(K波段)。當(dāng)微波在傳輸中通過含有水分的物質(zhì)時(shí),一部分電磁能就被水分子吸收而使微波強(qiáng)度有所衰減。在K波段時(shí),水分子將產(chǎn)生分子諧振,這時(shí)的波長為1.35—1.5厘米,電磁波通過波導(dǎo)管傳輸。微波式水分儀主要由微波振蕩器及微波衰減器組成,微波信號(hào)由波導(dǎo)管發(fā)射經(jīng)過試樣衰減接收,經(jīng)放大器和檢波器后指示。被測(cè)材料放在發(fā)射器和接收器中間。儀器精度為指示值的±0.5%(在量程15%以上);儀器測(cè)量范圍為0—1%至0—70%;這種水分儀zui初用于土壤、水泥、墻壁及其它建筑材料中水分的測(cè)量以后用于多種物質(zhì)如紙張、木材、飼料、谷物、煤炭等水分的測(cè)量。微波是指頻率為300MHz-300GHz的電磁波,是無線電波中一個(gè)有限頻帶的簡稱,即波長在1米(不含1米)到1毫米之間的電磁波,是分米波、厘米波、毫米波和亞毫米波的統(tǒng)稱。微波頻率比一般的無線電波頻率高,通常也稱為“超高頻電磁波”。微波作為一種電磁波也具有波粒二象性。微波的基本性質(zhì)通常呈現(xiàn)為穿透、反射、吸收三個(gè)特性。對(duì)于玻璃、塑料和瓷器,微波幾乎是穿越而不被吸收。對(duì)于水和食物等就會(huì)吸收微波而使自身發(fā)熱。而對(duì)金屬類東西,則會(huì)反射微波。微波畢竟是一種電磁波,在用于儀器時(shí),就會(huì)產(chǎn)生泄漏,人們使用起來不知道微波對(duì)人體造成哪些傷害,因此有必要把微波會(huì)對(duì)人體造成哪些傷害公之于眾。一、熱效應(yīng)損害:微波輻射作用于生物體后,一部分被被反射,一部分被吸收。被吸收的微波輻射能量是組織內(nèi)的分子和電介質(zhì)的偶極子產(chǎn)生震動(dòng),美智的磨擦把動(dòng)能變?yōu)闊崮埽瑥亩饻厣?。微波輻射的功率、頻率、波形,環(huán)境溫度以及被照射的部位等對(duì)傷害的濃度和層度產(chǎn)生一定的影響。主要危害是:1、危害心臟;2、引起眼睛損傷;二、微波輻射的非熱效應(yīng)損害:人體暴露在強(qiáng)度不大的微波輻射環(huán)境中,體溫沒有明顯升高,但往往會(huì)出現(xiàn)一些生理反應(yīng),主要表現(xiàn)在:1、對(duì)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的作用:長時(shí)間接觸微波輻射可破壞腦組織細(xì)胞,使大腦皮質(zhì)細(xì)胞活動(dòng)能減弱,已形成的條件反射受到抑制。反復(fù)經(jīng)微波輻射可能引起神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)能紊亂。某些長時(shí)間在微波輻射度較高的環(huán)境的工作人員,曾出現(xiàn)過度疲勞、頭痛、手發(fā)抖、血清蛋白增加、脫發(fā)、嗅覺遲鈍等癥狀。2、微波輻射對(duì)血液的作用:長期的接觸微波輻射可以引起血液內(nèi)的白細(xì)胞和紅細(xì)胞減少,并使血凝固的時(shí)間縮短。三、累積效應(yīng):微波輻射對(duì)生物危害的另一特點(diǎn)是它的累積效應(yīng)。一般一次低功率的輻射之后會(huì)受到某些不明顯的傷害,經(jīng)過幾天之后可以恢復(fù)。而長期從事微波工作,長期受到受到低功率輻射,在停止一個(gè)月后才能恢復(fù)。但必須指出,只有低功率輻射,功率很大,從事此項(xiàng)工作的時(shí)間又長,損害將是*的。所以,微波用具時(shí)應(yīng)該注意個(gè)人防護(hù),當(dāng)微波用具工作時(shí),應(yīng)遠(yuǎn)離。

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