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培養(yǎng)基的幾大分類

時(shí)間:2011/10/25閱讀:696
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由于各種所需要的營(yíng)養(yǎng)不同,所以培養(yǎng)基的種類很多。據(jù)估計(jì)目前約有數(shù)千種不同的培養(yǎng)基,這些培養(yǎng)基可根據(jù)所含成分、物理狀態(tài)、以及不同的使用目的等而分成若干類型。1.按照培養(yǎng)基的成分來(lái)分,培養(yǎng)基按其所含成分,可分為合成培養(yǎng)基、天然培養(yǎng)基和半合成培養(yǎng)基三類。(1)合成培養(yǎng)基。合成培養(yǎng)基的各種成分*是已知的各種化學(xué)物質(zhì)。這種培養(yǎng)基的化學(xué)成分清楚,組成成分,重復(fù)性強(qiáng),但價(jià)格較貴,而且微生物在這類培養(yǎng)基中生長(zhǎng)較慢。如高氏一號(hào)合成培養(yǎng)基、察氏(Czapek)培養(yǎng)基等。(2)天然培養(yǎng)基。由天然物質(zhì)制成,如蒸熟的馬鈴薯和普通牛肉湯,前者用于培養(yǎng)霉菌,后者用于培養(yǎng)細(xì)菌。這類培養(yǎng)基的化學(xué)成分很不恒定,也難以確定,但配制方便,營(yíng)養(yǎng)豐富,所以常被采用。(3)半合成培養(yǎng)基。在天然有機(jī)物的基礎(chǔ)上適當(dāng)加入已知成分的無(wú)機(jī)鹽類,或在合成培養(yǎng)基的基礎(chǔ)上添加某些天然成分,如培養(yǎng)霉菌用的馬鈴薯葡萄糖瓊脂培養(yǎng)基。這類培養(yǎng)基能更有效地滿足微生物對(duì)營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的需要。2.按照培養(yǎng)基的物理狀態(tài)分,培養(yǎng)基按其物理狀態(tài)可分為固體培養(yǎng)基、液體培養(yǎng)基和半固體培養(yǎng)基三類。(1)固體培養(yǎng)基。是在培養(yǎng)基中加入凝固劑,有瓊脂、明膠、硅膠等。固體培養(yǎng)基常用于微生物分離、鑒定、計(jì)數(shù)和菌種保存等方面。(2)液體培養(yǎng)基。液體培養(yǎng)基中不加任何凝固劑。這種培養(yǎng)基的成分均勻,微生物能充分接觸和利用培養(yǎng)基中的養(yǎng)料,適于作生理等研究,由于發(fā)酵率高,操作方便,也常用于發(fā)酵工業(yè)。(3)半固體培養(yǎng)基。是在液體培養(yǎng)基中加入少量凝固劑而呈半固體狀態(tài)??捎糜谟^察細(xì)菌的運(yùn)動(dòng)、鑒定菌種和測(cè)定噬菌體的效價(jià)等方面。3.按照微生物的種類分,培養(yǎng)基按微生物的種類可分為細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)基、放線菌培養(yǎng)基、酵母菌培養(yǎng)基和霉菌培養(yǎng)基等四類。常用的細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)基有營(yíng)養(yǎng)肉湯和營(yíng)養(yǎng)瓊脂培養(yǎng)基;常用的放線菌培養(yǎng)基為高氏1號(hào)培養(yǎng)基;常用的酵母菌培養(yǎng)基有馬鈴薯蔗糖培養(yǎng)基和麥芽汁培養(yǎng)基;常用的霉菌培養(yǎng)基有馬鈴薯蔗糖培養(yǎng)基、豆芽汁葡萄糖(或蔗糖)瓊脂培養(yǎng)基和察氏培養(yǎng)基等。4.按照培養(yǎng)基用途分,培養(yǎng)基按其特殊用途可分為加富培養(yǎng)基、選擇性培養(yǎng)基和鑒別培養(yǎng)基。(1)加富培養(yǎng)基。是在培養(yǎng)基中加入血、血清、動(dòng)植物組織提取液,用以培養(yǎng)要求比較苛刻的某些微生物。(2)選擇性培養(yǎng)基。是根據(jù)某一種或某一類微生物的特殊營(yíng)養(yǎng)要求或?qū)σ恍┪锢怼⒒瘜W(xué)抗性而設(shè)計(jì)的培養(yǎng)基。利用這種培養(yǎng)基可以將所需要的微生物從混雜的微生物中分離出來(lái)。(3)鑒別培養(yǎng)基。是在培養(yǎng)基中加入某種試劑或化學(xué)藥品,使培養(yǎng)后會(huì)發(fā)生某種變化,從而區(qū)別不同類型的微生物。

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