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培養(yǎng)基的滅菌原理及方法

時(shí)間:2011/10/26閱讀:865
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 所謂滅菌就是殺死一切微生物,包括微生物的營(yíng)養(yǎng)體和芽孢,這一概念不同于消毒。后者是指消滅一切致病微生物(病原體)。在發(fā)酵生產(chǎn)中為什么要滅菌呢?主要有以下幾點(diǎn)原因:如不滅菌,會(huì)使生物反應(yīng)的基質(zhì)或產(chǎn)物,因雜菌的消耗而損失,造成生產(chǎn)能力的下降;雜菌也會(huì)產(chǎn)生代謝產(chǎn)物,這就使產(chǎn)物的提取更加困難,造成得率降低,產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量下降;有些雜菌會(huì)分解產(chǎn)物,使生產(chǎn)失??;雜菌大量繁殖后,會(huì)改變反應(yīng)液的pH值,使反應(yīng)異常;如果發(fā)生噬菌體污染,生產(chǎn)菌細(xì)胞將被裂解,使生產(chǎn)失敗。一、培養(yǎng)基滅菌的原理和方法:滅菌的方法很多,在實(shí)驗(yàn)室可以使用干熱滅菌、對(duì)于環(huán)境可以使用化學(xué)試劑滅菌,但化學(xué)試劑的滅菌方法有很大的限制。在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中,對(duì)于培養(yǎng)基、管道、設(shè)備的滅菌,通常采用蒸汽加熱到一定的溫度,并保溫一段時(shí)間的滅菌方法,稱之為濕熱滅菌。濕熱滅菌的顯著優(yōu)點(diǎn)是:使用方便,無(wú)污染,而且其冷凝水可以直接冷凝在培養(yǎng)基中,也可以通過(guò)管道排出。滅菌的原理在這里先講幾個(gè)概念:①致死溫度:殺死微生物的極限溫度。②致死時(shí)間:在致死溫度下,殺死全部微生物所需要的時(shí)間。③微生物的熱阻:表示微生物對(duì)熱的抵抗能力,即指微生物在某一特定條件下(主要是溫度)的致死時(shí)間。其對(duì)熱的抵抗能力越大,可以理解為熱阻越大,衡量不同的微生物對(duì)熱的抵抗能力的大小,可以使用相對(duì)熱阻的概念。④相對(duì)熱阻:某一微生物在某一特定條件下的致死時(shí)間與另一微生物在相同條件下的致死時(shí)間之比。例如:芽孢/大腸桿菌=3000000/1;病毒/大腸桿菌=1—5/1等。

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