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ELISA的試劑盒的固相載體

時間:2011/11/4閱讀:631
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固相載體在ELISA測定過程中作為吸附劑和容器,不參與化學反應。可作ELISA中載體的材料很多,zui常用的是聚苯乙烯。聚苯乙烯具有較強的吸附蛋白質(zhì)的性能,抗體或蛋白質(zhì)抗原吸附其上后仍保留原來的免疫學活性,加之它的價格低廉,所以被普遍采用。聚苯乙烯為塑料,可制成各種形式。ELISA載體的形狀主要有三種:微量滴定板、小珠和小試管。以微量滴定板zui為常用,于EILSA的產(chǎn)品稱為ELISA板,上標準的微量滴定板為8×12的96孔式。為便于作少量標本的檢測,有制成8聯(lián)孔條或12聯(lián)孔條的,放入座架后,大小與標準ELISA板相同。ELISA板的特點是可以同時進行大量標本的檢測,并可在特制的比色計上迅速讀出結(jié)果?,F(xiàn)在已有多種自動化儀器用于微量滴定板型的ELISA檢測,包括加樣、洗滌、保溫、比色等步驟,對操作的標準化極為有利。聚苯乙烯經(jīng)射線照射后,其吸附性能特別是對免疫球蛋白的吸附性能增加,應用于雙抗體夾心法可使固相上抗體量增多,但用于間接法測抗體時空白值較大。良好的ELISA板應該是吸附性能好,空白值低,孔底透明度高,各板之間、同一板各孔之間、同一板各孔之間性能相近。聚苯乙烯ELISA板由于原料的不同和制作工藝的差別,各種產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量差異很大,因此,每一批號的ELISA板在使用前須事先檢查其性能。常用的檢查方法為:以一定濃度的人IgG(一般為10ng/ml)包被ELISA板各孔,洗滌后每孔內(nèi)加入適當稀釋度的酶標抗人IgG抗體,保溫后洗滌,加底物顯色,終止酶反應后,分別測每孔溶液的吸光度??刂品磻獥l件,使各孔讀數(shù)在吸光度0.8左右。計算全部讀數(shù)的平均值。所有單個讀數(shù)與全部讀數(shù)的均數(shù)之差,應小于10%。與聚苯乙烯類似的塑料是聚氯乙烯。作為ELISA固相載體,聚氯乙烯的特點為質(zhì)軟板薄,可剪割,價廉,但光潔度不如聚苯乙烯板,孔底亦不如聚苯乙烯平整。聚氯乙烯對蛋白質(zhì)的吸附性能比聚苯乙烯高,但空白值也略高。為比較不同固相在某一ELISA測定中的優(yōu)劣,可應用如下的試驗:用其他免疫學測定方法選出一個典型的陽性標本和陰性標本,將它們進行一系列稀釋后,在不同的固相載體上按預定的ELISA操作步驟進行測定,然后比較結(jié)果。在哪一種載體上陽性結(jié)果與陰性結(jié)果差別zui大,這種載體就是這一ELISA測定項目的zui合適的固相載體。在ELISA中,用作固相載體的小珠一般為直徑0.6cm的圓珠,表面經(jīng)磨砂處理后吸附面積大大增加。ELISA板孔的吸附面積約為200mm2,小珠均為1000mm2,將近ELISA板孔的5倍。吸附面積的增大即意味著固相抗原或抗體量的增加。再者,球型小珠的表面弧度更有利于吸附的抗原決定簇或抗體結(jié)合位點的暴露面處于*反應狀態(tài),因此珠式ELISA的反應往往更為靈敏。小珠的另一特點是更易于使洗滌*,使用特殊的洗滌器,使小珠在洗滌過程中滾動淋洗,其洗滌效果遠較板孔的浸泡式為好。但由于磨砂工藝的難度較大,小珠的均一性較差。小試管作為固相載體也有較大的吸附表面,而且標本的反應量也相應增加。板式及珠式ELISA的標本量一般為100-200ul,而小試管可根據(jù)需要加大反應體積,標本反應量的增加有助于試驗敏感性的提高。小試管還可以當作比色杯,zui后直接放入分光光度計中比色。 也有應用聚苯乙烯膠乳或其他材料制成的微粒作為ELISA固相載體的。其優(yōu)點是表面積極大,反應在懸液中進行,其速率與液相反應近似。以含鐵的磁性微粒作為ELISA固相載體,反應后用磁鐵的吸引進行分離,洗滌方便,試劑盒一般均配以特殊儀器。
 
 
 

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