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紅外測(cè)溫儀工作原理

時(shí)間:2011/11/18閱讀:651
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紅外測(cè)溫技術(shù)已發(fā)展到可對(duì)有熱變化表面進(jìn)行掃描測(cè)溫,確定其溫度分布圖像,迅速檢測(cè)出隱藏的溫差, 這就是紅外熱像儀.紅外熱像儀zui先應(yīng)用于軍事上,美國(guó)TI公司19“年研制出世界上*臺(tái)紅外掃描偵察系統(tǒng)。以后,紅外熱成像技術(shù)在西方國(guó)家陸續(xù)用于飛機(jī)、坦克、軍艦和其他武器上,作為偵察目標(biāo)的熱瞄系統(tǒng),大大提高了搜索、命中目標(biāo)的能力。瑞典AGA公司生產(chǎn)的紅外熱像儀在民用技術(shù)上處于地位。但是,怎樣使紅外測(cè)溫技術(shù)得到廣泛應(yīng)用,目前仍然是一個(gè)值得研究的應(yīng)用課題。 
   紅外測(cè)溫儀由光學(xué)系統(tǒng)、光電探測(cè)器、信號(hào)放大器及信號(hào)處理、顯示輸出等部分組成。光學(xué)系統(tǒng)匯聚其視場(chǎng)內(nèi)的目標(biāo)紅外輻射能量,視場(chǎng)的大小由測(cè)溫儀的光學(xué)零件及其位置確定。紅外能量聚焦在光電探測(cè)器上并轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橄鄳?yīng)的電信號(hào)。該信號(hào)經(jīng)過(guò)放大器和信號(hào)處理電路,并按照儀器內(nèi)療的算法和目標(biāo)發(fā)射率校正后轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楸粶y(cè)目標(biāo)的溫度值。   在自然界中,一切溫度高于零度的物體都在不停地向周圍空間發(fā)出紅外輻射能量。物體的紅外輻射能量的大小及其按波長(zhǎng)的分布 —— 與它的表面溫度有著十分密切的關(guān)系。因此,通過(guò)對(duì)物體自身輻射的紅外能量的測(cè)量,便能準(zhǔn)確地測(cè)定它的表面溫度,這就是紅外輻射測(cè)溫所依據(jù)的客觀基礎(chǔ)。   
    黑體是一種理想化的輻射體,它吸收所有波長(zhǎng)的輻射能量,沒有能量的反射和透過(guò),其表面的發(fā)射率為 1 。但是,自然界中存在的實(shí)際物體,幾乎都不是黑體,為了弄清和獲得紅外輻射分布規(guī)律,在理論研究中必須選擇合適的模型,這就是普朗克提出的體腔輻射的量子化振子模型,從而導(dǎo)出了普朗克黑體輻射的定律,即以波長(zhǎng)表示的黑體光譜輻射度,這是一切紅外輻射理論的出發(fā)點(diǎn),故稱 黑體輻射定律 。所有實(shí)際物體的輻射量除依賴于輻射波長(zhǎng)及物體的溫度之外,還與構(gòu)成物體的材料種類、制備方法、熱過(guò)程以及表面狀態(tài)和環(huán)境條件等因素有關(guān)。因此,為使黑體輻射定律適用于所有實(shí)際物體,必須引入一個(gè)與材料性質(zhì)及表面狀態(tài)有關(guān)的比例系數(shù),即發(fā)射率。該系數(shù)表示實(shí)際物體的熱輻射與黑體輻射的接近程度,其值在零和小于 1 的數(shù)值之間。根據(jù)輻射定律,只要知道了材料的發(fā)射率,就知道了任何物體的紅外輻射特性。影響發(fā)射率的主要因素在:材料種類、表面粗糙度、理化結(jié)構(gòu)和材料厚度等。   
    當(dāng)用紅外輻射測(cè)溫儀測(cè)量目標(biāo)的溫度時(shí)首先要測(cè)量出目標(biāo)在其波段范圍內(nèi)的紅外輻射量,然后由測(cè)溫儀計(jì)算出被測(cè)目標(biāo)的溫度。單色測(cè)溫儀與波段內(nèi)的輻射量成比例;雙色測(cè)溫儀與兩個(gè)波段的輻射量之比成比例。

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