詳細(xì)介紹
威格士柱塞泵是往復(fù)泵的一種,屬于體積泵,其柱塞靠泵軸的偏心轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)驅(qū)動(dòng),往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng),其吸入和排出閥都是單向閥。當(dāng)柱塞外拉時(shí),工作室內(nèi)壓力降低,出口閥關(guān)閉,低于進(jìn)口壓力時(shí),進(jìn)口閥打開,液體進(jìn)入;柱塞內(nèi)推時(shí),工作室壓力升高,進(jìn)口閥關(guān)閉,高于出口壓力時(shí),出口閥打開,液體排出。帶滑靴結(jié)構(gòu)的軸向柱塞泵是目前使用zui廣泛的軸向柱塞泵,安放在缸體中的柱塞通過滑靴與斜盤相接觸,當(dāng)傳動(dòng)軸帶動(dòng)缸體旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí),斜盤將柱塞從缸體中拉出或推回,完成吸排油過程。柱塞與缸孔組成的工作容腔中的油液通過配油盤分別與泵的吸、排油腔相通。變量機(jī)構(gòu)用來改變斜盤的傾角,通過調(diào)節(jié)斜盤的傾角可改變泵的排量。
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威格士柱塞泵的維護(hù):
斜盤式軸向柱塞泵一般采用缸體轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)、端面配流的形式。缸體端面上鑲有一塊由雙金屬板與鋼配油盤組成的摩擦副,而且大多數(shù)是采用平面配流的方法,所以維修比較方便。配油盤是軸向柱塞泵的關(guān)鍵部件之一,泵工作時(shí),一方面工作腔的高壓油把缸體推向配油盤,另一方面配油盤和缸體間的油膜壓力形成對缸體的液壓反推力使缸體背離配油盤。缸體對配油盤的設(shè)計(jì)液壓壓緊力Fn略大于配油盤對缸體的液壓反推力Ff,即Fn/Ff=1.05~1.1,使泵工作正常并保持較高的容積效率。 實(shí)際上,由于油液的污染,往往使配油盤與缸體之間產(chǎn)生輕微磨損。
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威格士液壓柱塞泵靠氣壓供油的液壓油箱,在每次啟動(dòng)機(jī)器后,必須等液壓漬箱達(dá)到使用氣壓后,才能操作機(jī)械。直軸斜盤式柱塞泵分為壓力供油型的自吸油型兩種。壓力供油型液壓泵大都采用有氣壓的油箱,也有液壓泵本身帶有補(bǔ)油分泵向液壓泵進(jìn)油口提供壓力油的。自吸油型液壓泵的自吸油能力很強(qiáng),無需外力供油。對于自吸油型柱塞泵,液壓油箱內(nèi)的油液不得低于油標(biāo)下限,要保持足夠數(shù)量的液壓油。液壓油的清潔度越高,液壓泵的使用壽命越長。
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VICKERS軸向柱塞泵是活塞或柱塞的往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)方向與缸體中心軸平行的柱塞泵。軸向柱塞泵是利用與傳動(dòng)軸平行的柱塞在柱塞孔內(nèi)往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)所產(chǎn)生的容積變化來進(jìn)行工作的。由于柱塞和柱塞孔都是圓形零件,加工時(shí)可以達(dá)到很高的精度配合,因此容積效率高,運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)平穩(wěn),流量均勻性好,噪聲低,工作壓力高等優(yōu)點(diǎn),但對液壓油的污染較敏感,結(jié)構(gòu)較復(fù)雜,造價(jià)較高。
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威格士柱塞泵常見故障處理:
1.柱塞泵輸出流量不足或不輸出油液
(1)吸入量不足。原因是吸油管路上的阻力過大或補(bǔ)油量不足。如泵的轉(zhuǎn)速過大,油箱中液面過低,進(jìn)油管漏氣,濾油器堵塞等。
(2)泄漏量過大。原因是泵的間隙過大,密封不良造成。如配油盤被金屬碎片、鐵屑等劃傷,端面漏油;變量機(jī)構(gòu)中的單向閥密封面配合不好,泵體和配油盤的支承面有砂眼或研痕等。可以通過檢查泵體內(nèi)液壓油中混雜的異物判別泵被損壞的部位。
(3)傾斜盤傾角太小,泵的排量少,這需要調(diào)節(jié)變量活塞,增加斜盤傾角。
2.中位時(shí)排油量不為零 變量式軸向柱塞泵的斜盤傾角為零時(shí)稱為中位,此時(shí)泵的輸出流量應(yīng)為零。但有時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)中位偏離調(diào)整機(jī)構(gòu)中點(diǎn)的現(xiàn)象,在中點(diǎn)時(shí)仍有流量輸出。其原因是控制器的位置偏離、松動(dòng)或損傷,需要重新調(diào)零、緊固或更換。泵的角度維持力不夠、傾斜角耳軸磨損也會(huì)產(chǎn)生這種現(xiàn)象。
3.輸出流量波動(dòng) 輸出流量波動(dòng)與很多因素有關(guān)。對變量泵可以認(rèn)為是變量機(jī)構(gòu)的控制不佳造成,如異物進(jìn)入變量機(jī)構(gòu),在控制活塞上劃出階痕、磨痕、傷痕等,造成控制活塞運(yùn)動(dòng)不穩(wěn)定。由于放大器能量不足或零件損壞、含有彈簧的控制活塞的阻尼器效能差,都會(huì)造成控制活塞運(yùn)動(dòng)不穩(wěn)定。流量不穩(wěn)定又往往伴隨著壓力波動(dòng)。這類故障一般要拆開液壓泵,更換受損零部件,加大阻尼,提高彈簧剛度和控制壓力等。
4.輸出壓力異常 泵的輸出壓力是由負(fù)載決定的,與輸入轉(zhuǎn)矩近似成正比。輸出壓力異常有兩種故障。
(1)輸出壓力過低 當(dāng)泵在自吸狀態(tài)下,若進(jìn)油管路漏氣或系統(tǒng)中液壓缸、單向閥、換向閥等有較大的泄漏,均會(huì)使壓力升不上去。這需要找出漏氣處,緊固、更換密封件,即可提高壓力。溢流閥有故障或調(diào)整壓力低,系統(tǒng)壓力也上不去,應(yīng)重新調(diào)整壓力或檢修溢流閥。如果液壓泵的缸體與配流盤產(chǎn)生偏差造成大量泄漏,嚴(yán)重時(shí),缸體可能破裂,則應(yīng)重新研磨配合面或更換液壓泵。
(2)輸出壓力過高 若回路負(fù)載持續(xù)上升,泵的壓力也持續(xù)上升,當(dāng)屬正常。若負(fù)載一定,泵的壓力超過負(fù)載所需壓力值,則應(yīng)檢查泵以外的液壓元件,如方向閥、壓力閥、傳動(dòng)裝置和回油管道。若zui大壓力過高,應(yīng)調(diào)整溢流閥。
5.振動(dòng)和噪聲 振動(dòng)和噪聲是同時(shí)出現(xiàn)的。它們不僅對機(jī)器的操作者造成危害,也對環(huán)境造成污染。
(1)機(jī)械振動(dòng)和噪聲 如泵軸和電機(jī)軸不同心或頂死,旋轉(zhuǎn)軸的軸承、聯(lián)軸節(jié)損傷,彈性墊破損和裝配螺栓松動(dòng)均會(huì)產(chǎn)生噪聲。對于高速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)或傳輸大能量的泵,要定期檢查,記錄各部件的振幅、頻率和噪聲。如泵的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)頻率與壓力閥的固有頻率相同時(shí),將會(huì)引起共振,可改變泵的轉(zhuǎn)速以消除共振。
(2)管道內(nèi)液流產(chǎn)生的噪聲 進(jìn)油管道太細(xì)、進(jìn)油濾油器通流能力過小或堵塞、進(jìn)油管吸入空氣、油液豁度過高、油面過低吸油不足和高壓管道中產(chǎn)生液擊等,均會(huì)產(chǎn)生噪聲。因此,必須正確設(shè)計(jì)油箱,正確選擇濾油器、油管和方向閥。
6.威格士柱塞泵過熱 液壓泵過度發(fā)熱有兩個(gè)原因,一是機(jī)械摩擦生熱。由于運(yùn)動(dòng)表面處于干摩擦或半干摩擦狀態(tài),運(yùn)動(dòng)部件相互摩擦生熱。二是液體摩擦生熱。高壓油通過各種縫隙泄漏到低壓腔,大量的液壓能損失轉(zhuǎn)為熱能。所以正確選擇運(yùn)動(dòng)部件之間的間隙、油箱容積和冷卻器,可以杜絕泵的過度發(fā)熱和油溫過高的現(xiàn)象。另外,回油過濾器堵塞造成回油背壓過高,也會(huì)引起油溫過高和泵體過熱。
7.漏油 柱塞泵漏油主要有以下原因:(1)主軸油封損壞或軸有缺陷、劃痕;(2)內(nèi)部泄漏過大,造成油封處壓力增大,而將油封損傷或沖出;(3)泄油管過細(xì)過長,使密封處漏油;(4)泵的外接油管松動(dòng),管接頭損傷,密封墊老化或產(chǎn)生裂紋;(5)變量調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)構(gòu)螺栓松動(dòng),密封破損;(6)鑄鐵泵殼有砂眼或焊接不良。